Application of studs



` oct. 12, a s. Mmmm am Y 2,095,885`

Patented Qct. 12, 1.937 l. l l

UNITED STATES PATENT oFFlcE APPLICATION oF s'rUDs Salvador Moreira andErnest J. Sabol, Worcester, Mass., assignors to The American Steel andWire Company of New Jersey, a corporation of New Jersey Application May3, 1935, serial No. 19,745 2 claims. (ci. asi-169) This invention is animproved method of xshow a tool 8 which has a striking end 9 proingmetal studs to metal bodies provided with viding a face that anglesawayn from the end of holes in which the studs may be fitted and is theterminal 3 and a flat face IU which can particularly concerned with theapplication of strike the end of the terminal in line Vwith the stud-terminal rail bonds to railroad rails. One stud 4. 5

of 'the objects is to increase the holding power When this tool 8strikes in the manner indiof such studs after they have been xed to thecated by Figure 4, its flat face I0 applies a combodies. Other objectsmay be inferred. pressive force longitudinally to the stud 4. Si-

Referring to the accompanying drawing: multaneously, its striking end 9penetrates the 10 Figures 1, 2 and 3 are cross-sectional views head Iand, because of the angular face of this l0 of a stud terminal rail bondwith its stud tted end 9, applies force to the head at a position adin ahole in the head of a lrailroad rail, the rejacent the hole 2 and in adirection which angles spective views showing various phases of the new4toward the latter, so as to cause the metal of the method. I rail toflow and penetrate into the stud 4. Figure lli Figures 4v .and` 5 aresimilar cross-sectional Y 5 illustrates the result obtained by the useof this 15 views showing various phases of a modified form secondlydescribed tool, it being noted that here K of the new method. again thelocking effect is obtained. g

Figures 6 and 7 are further similar views showlFigures 6 and 7 arefurther views of the termiing a further modication of the new method.nal 3 with its stud 4 positioned in the hole 2 in More particularly,Figure ll shows a cross-secthe rail head I. At this point it should beVunder- 20 tional portion of the head of a rail I in which stood thatstud terminal bonds are` generally a hole Zis formed.y This hole must berelatively made of softer metal=than is the metal ofthe shallow so asnot to materially weaken the rail. railroad rail. Such is assumed to beso in the e The terminal 3 has its stud 4 fitted in this hole, case ofthe elements illustrated by Figures 6 the latter. being of less depththan the length of and 1. 25

this stud. Therefore, when a compressive force In Figure 6 it may beassumed that the termiis applied to the outside of the terminal 3 inline nal 3 has been applied to the head I by pressure with the stud 4the latter will be expanded in the applied to the terminal so as tocause expansion hole t due to the resulting longitudinal applicaof thestud 4. The next step,I therefore,` is to tion of force to the same.provide the locking action. For this a tool II is 30 According to thenew method the compressive used, which is in the nature of a bridgeprovidforce is not only applied longitudinally to the ing a striking endI2 having an angular face I3. stud 4 so as to cause it to expand in thehole 2 When this tool is arranged as shown, it is struck but force isalso applied to the rail head I adjaa blow so as to apply suiiicientcompression to cent the hole 2 so-as to' cause the metal of the therelatively harder metal of the rail head at a 35 rail to ow toward thestud and penetrate the position adjacent the hole 2 which causes thissame. relatively harder metal to flow, whereby the metal The aboveforces may be applied by any suittends to iiow into the relativelysofter metal of able tool, such as the concussive tool 5 having a thestud. Figure 7 illustratesthe final result obreduced striking end 6which is illustrated by tained, the displaced metal of the rail againpro- 40 Figures 1 through 3. In this group of figures, viding thedesired locking. Figure 2 illustrates the tool 5 as it appears whileThroughout the foregoing it is to be understood striking the terminal 3.It will be noted that the that various applications of pressuredescribed reduced end 6 isA aimed so as to strike the end of may resulteither from a concussive force or from the terminal and thus causeexpansion of the the slow application of a force such as is ob- 45 stud4 in the hole '2. Furthermore, it penetrates tained by a press.Furthermore, in all cases the the end of the terminal and a portion ofthe head force used should be suiiicient to cause the metal of the railIl which is adjacent the hole 2. This of the rail to iioW as has beendescribed. causes the metal of the rail to flow into the stud We claim:

4, as at 1. Figure 3 shows the terminal after it 1. A` method of fixinga rail bond terminal stud 5." has been thus fixed to the rail head I. Itwill in a recess formed in a railroad rail when said be noted that thestud 4 is not only expanded in stud is longer than said recess is deep,including the hole 2 but is locked in place by the metal forcing saidstud longitudinally against the end of of the rail which has penetratedthe stud. said recess so as to expand said stud and ap- Figures 4 and 5show the .same terminal, but plying force to the surface of said railadjacent 55 said recess so as to force the rail metal to flow towardssaid stud and to penetrate the latter.

2. A method of xing a rail bond terminal stud in a recess formed in arailroad rail when said 5 stud is longer than said recess is deep,including forcing said stud longitudinally against the end of saidrecess so as toexpand said stud and

